Science and Technology (212)
Tutor Marked Assignment
%20EM%20Solved%20TMA%202024-25.webp "Nios 10th Science (212) English Medium Solved Assignment")
20% Marks Of Theory
1. Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words.
(a) The distance-time graph of the motion of an object is given. Answer the following questions Based on the graph.
(a) Find the average speed of the object during
(i) 0 – 6 s (ii) 0 – 9 s
2. Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words.
(a) Perform the activity at your home whose steps are given below with the help of an empty Polythene bottle of mineral water and some hot water. After performing the activity answer The question that follows the steps:
Steps:
• Take an empty bottle of mineral water.
• Take some hot water in it and tightly screw its cap in order to make it airtight.
• Pour cold water on the bottle.
Do you observe any changes in the shape of the bottle on pouring the cold water? Explain Your observation with reasons.
Answer: Observation:
When cold water is poured onto the bottle, it will shrink slightly.
(b) What kind of disease is COVID – 19: Infectious or Non – Infectious? Name its causative agent. What are the ways to prevent COVID – 19?
Coronavirus 2). It spreads primarily through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.
Ways to Prevent COVID-19:
1. Vaccination: Get vaccinated and stay up to date with booster doses.
2. Wearing Masks: Use face masks, especially in crowded or enclosed spaces.
3. Hand Hygiene: Wash hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds or use alcohol-based hand sanitizers.
4. Social Distancing: Maintain a safe distance (at least 6 feet) from others, especially in public spaces.
5. Avoid Crowded Places: Stay away from large gatherings and enclosed areas with poor ventilation.
6. Proper Ventilation: Ensure proper airflow in indoor spaces to reduce virus spread.
7. Quarantine and Isolation: If exposed to the virus or showing symptoms, quarantine and isolate to prevent infecting others.
These measures help reduce the transmission and protect individuals and communities from COVID-19.
4. Answer any one of the following questions in about 100-150 words.
(b) French Chemist Antoine Lavoisier carefully studied chemical reactions by using a chemical balance in his setup. In an experiment he took a substance which is the only metal which exists in liquid state at room temperature and generally used in analogue thermometer. Then he heated this substance in a sealed flask containing air for several days. He observed a new red-coloured substance was formed. The gas remaining in the flask was reduced in mass.
(a) Write the name of any two of the following:
(i) The substance which was heated in a sealed flask.
(ii) New red-coloured substance which was formed after several days.
(iii) The gas used up in production of red coloured substance in the flask.
(iv) The remaining gas in the flask.
(b) Is the change that took place in the sealed flask: a chemical change or a physicalchange?
(c) Why the mass of the remaining gas in the flask reduced?
(d) Does reduction in the mass of gas remaining in the flask violate the law of conservation of mass? Explain briefly
Answer: This experiment by Antoine Lavoisier demonstrates the conservation of mass and involves the reaction of a metal with oxygen.
(a) Write the name of any two of the following:
(i) The substance which was heated in a sealed flask.
The only metal that exists in a liquid state at room temperature and is used in analogue thermometers is mercury (Hg).
(ii) New red-coloured substance which was formed after several days.
(iii) The gas used up in production of red coloured substance in the flask.
The gas used up in the reaction is oxygen (O₂), which reacted with mercury to form mercury (II) oxide.
(iv) The remaining gas in the flask.
After the reaction, the gas left in the flask is nitrogen (N₂), which is the major component of air and did not participate in the reaction.
(b) Is the change that took place in the sealed flask: a chemical change or a physicalchange?
The change that took place in the sealed flask is a chemical change. This is because mercury reacted with oxygen to form a new substance, mercury (II) oxide, which has different chemical properties from mercury and oxygen.
(c) Why the mass of the remaining gas in the flask reduced?
The mass of the remaining gas in the flask reduced because oxygen gas (O₂) was used up in the chemical reaction with mercury to form mercury (II) oxide. Since a portion of the gas (oxygen) was consumed to create the new compound, the overall mass of the remaining gases (primarily nitrogen) in the flask decreased.
(d) Does reduction in the mass of gas remaining in the flask violate the law of conservation of mass? Explain briefly
No, the reduction in the mass of the gas does not violate the law of conservation of mass. The law of conservation of mass states that mass cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction. The mass of oxygen, which disappeared from the gas phase, was not lost; it was simply combined with mercury to form mercury (II) oxide. If the mass of mercury(II) oxide is measured, it will equal the mass of the mercury and the oxygen that combined to form it, thus conserving the total mass.
This experiment demonstrates Lavoisier's discovery that mass is conserved during chemical reactions.
5. Answer any one of the following questions in about 100-150 words.
(b)
(a) “If you consider the 24 hours geological clock with the origin of life set at midnight, we can say that humans have come on this planet just less than a minute ago.” Explain the statement in the light of history of life on earth.
(b) Identify the type of epithelial tissue from its location in human body as given below.
Write its name and any one function of each
(i) Epithelial tissue that forms outermost layer of skin.
(ii) Epithelial tissue that forms Inner lining of the stomach and the intestine.
Answer: (a) Explanation:
1. Geological Time Scale: Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old. In the context of a 24-hour clock:
- Midnight represents the formation of Earth.
- Life began around 3.5 billion years ago with the emergence of unicellular prokaryotes, which would be around 4:00 AM on this clock.
- Multicellular life and eukaryotes appeared much later, around 1.5 billion years ago, close to 8:00 PM.
2. Dinosaurs and Other Life Forms:
- Dinosaurs dominated the planet for about 150 million years, from approximately 230 million years ago until their extinction around 65 million years ago. This would be roughly between 11:30 PM and 11:59 PM.
- The rise of mammals, which include early human ancestors, occurred after the dinosaurs' extinction.
3. Human Evolution:
- Homo sapiens, the species to which all modern human beings belong, emerged only about 200,000 to 2 million years ago, placing their appearance at just seconds to minutes before the clock strikes midnight.
- If the full 24 hours represents the entire history of Earth, humans would have appeared just a fraction of a minute before midnight, underscoring how recent our existence is in comparison to the age of the planet and the duration of other life forms.
Conclusion:
This analogy emphasizes the fleeting time that humans have occupied the Earth in relation to the long history of life, illustrating our recent emergence on a planet that has hosted life for billions of years. It serves as a reminder of our small place in the grand narrative of Earth's biological history, highlighting the importance of understanding our impact on the environment and the other life forms that have existed long before us.
Answer: (b) Here are the types of epithelial tissue based on their locations and one function for each:
(i) Epithelial tissue that forms the outermost layer of skin:
Name: Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Function: Provides protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical exposure.
(ii) Epithelial tissue that forms the inner lining of the stomach and the intestine:
Name: Simple Columnar Epithelium
Function: Facilitates absorption of nutrients and secretion of digestive enzymes and mucus.
6. Prepare any one project as given below.
(b) Explore about the vehicles that runs on conventional fossil fuels and the vehicles that runs on electricity. Write a report of your findings which should include detailed comparative analysis of the two types of vehicles.
(Hints: Compare about Advantages, disadvantages, impact on environment, Limitations, challenges, future perspectives, sustainable development, etc.)
Also, explain how the electric vehicles can be a game changer and provide solution to the challenge of fossil fuel dependence.
Answer:
Introduction:
The transportation sector is crucial for economic development and mobility, traditionally dominated by vehicles running on conventional fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel. However, with the growing concern over environmental issues, electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a viable alternative. This report explores the advantages, disadvantages, environmental impacts, limitations, challenges, and future perspectives of both types of vehicles.
Conventional Fossil Fuel Vehicles
Advantages
1. Established Infrastructure: Extensive network of refueling stations.
2. Performance: High power output and quick refueling times.
3. Variety: Wide range of models and choices available for consumers.
Disadvantages
1. Fuel Costs: Fluctuating oil prices affect overall running costs.
2. Maintenance: More mechanical parts lead to higher maintenance needs.
Environmental Impact
- Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Significant CO2 emissions contributing to climate change.
- Air Pollution: Releases harmful pollutants (NOx, SOx, particulate matter) impacting air quality and public health.
Limitations and Challenges
- Resource Depletion: Finite fossil fuel reserves lead to long-term sustainability concerns.
- Dependence on Imports: Countries relying heavily on oil imports face economic vulnerabilities.
Electric Vehicles (EVs)
Advantages
1. Lower Operating Costs: Reduced fuel and maintenance costs.
2. Energy Efficiency: EVs convert about 60% of electrical energy from the grid to power at the wheels.
3. Quiet Operation: Reduced noise pollution in urban environments.
Disadvantages
1. Limited Range: Range anxiety due to limited battery capacity.
2. Charging Infrastructure: Insufficient charging stations in some regions.
Environmental Impact
- Reduced Emissions: EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, contributing to cleaner air.
- Electricity Sources: Environmental impact varies based on the energy mix (renewable vs. fossil fuels).
Limitations and Challenges
- Battery Production: Mining for lithium, cobalt, and other materials can have significant environmental and social impacts.
- Recycling: End-of-life battery disposal and recycling remain challenges.
Comparative Analysis
Future Perspectives
As technology advances, both vehicle types will evolve. EV technology is expected to improve in areas such as battery efficiency and charging infrastructure. Governments are increasingly incentivizing EV adoption through subsidies, tax breaks, and investments in charging networks.
Sustainable Development
Transitioning to electric vehicles supports sustainable development goals by reducing carbon footprints, promoting clean energy, and improving public health through reduced air pollution. Additionally, investment in renewable energy sources for electricity generation aligns with global efforts to combat climate change.
Game Changer Potential of Electric Vehicles
Electric vehicles can significantly reduce dependence on fossil fuels. By providing a cleaner alternative and integrating with renewable energy sources, EVs can mitigate environmental damage and enhance energy security. As battery technologies improve, EVs could become more affordable and accessible, making them a key player in transitioning to a sustainable transportation system.
Conclusion:
The shift from conventional fossil fuel vehicles to electric vehicles represents a pivotal change in transportation. While both types have advantages and challenges, the environmental benefits and potential for sustainable development make electric vehicles a promising solution to the challenges posed by fossil fuel dependence. Continued investment in technology, infrastructure, and renewable energy will further enable this transition and foster a more sustainable future.